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<title>Computing platform</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Computing platform</span></span>

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<p>A <b>computing platform</b>, <b>digital platform</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>software platform</b> is the infrastructure on which <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> is executed. While the individual components of a computing platform may be obfuscated under layers of <a href="Abstraction_(software_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstraction (software engineering)">abstraction</a>, the <i>summation of the required components comprise the computing platform</i>.

</p><p>Sometimes, the most relevant layer for a specific software is called a computing platform in itself to facilitate the communication, referring to the whole using only one of its attributes – i.e. using a <a href="Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a>.

</p><p>For example, in a single computer system, this would be the computer's <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> (OS), and <a href="Runtime_library" title="Runtime library">runtime libraries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of an <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">application program</a> or a computer <a href="Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a>, the most relevant layer is the operating system, so it can be called a platform itself (hence the term <a href="Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">cross-platform</a> for software that can be executed on multiple OSes, in this context).

In a multi-computer system, such as in the case of offloading processing, it would encompass both the host computer's <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>, <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> (OS), and <a href="Runtime_library" title="Runtime library">runtime libraries</a> along with other computers utilized for <a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processing</a> that are accessed via <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> or a <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. As long as it is a required component for the program code to execute, it is part of the computing platform.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2></div>

<p>Platforms may also include:

</p>

<ul><li>Hardware alone, in the case of small <a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>. Embedded systems can access hardware directly, without an OS; this is referred to as running on "<a href="Bare_metal_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bare metal (computing)">bare metal</a>".</li>

<li><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a> and <a href="Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>.</li>

<li>A <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">browser</a> in the case of web-based software. The browser itself runs on a hardware+OS platform, but this is not relevant to software running within the browser.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>An application, such as a spreadsheet or word processor, which hosts software written in an application-specific <a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a>, such as an <a href="Excel_macro" class="mw-redirect" title="Excel macro">Excel macro</a>. This can be extended to writing fully-fledged applications with the <a href="Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a> suite as a platform.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software frameworks</a> that provide ready-made functionality.</li>

<li><a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a> and <a href="Platform_as_a_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform as a Service">Platform as a Service</a>. Extending the idea of a software framework, these allow application developers to build software out of components that are hosted not by the developer, but by the provider, with internet communication linking them together.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social networking sites <a href="Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> are also considered development platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>A <a href="Application_virtual_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Application virtual machine">application virtual machine</a> (VM) such as the <a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> or <a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">.NET CLR</a>. Applications are compiled into a format similar to machine code, known as <a href="Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a>, which is then executed by the VM.</li>

<li>A <a href="Virtualization" title="Virtualization">virtualized</a> version of a complete system, including virtualized hardware, OS, software, and storage. These allow, for instance, a typical Windows program to run on what is physically a Mac.</li></ul>

<p>Some architectures have multiple layers, with each layer acting as a platform for the one above it. In general, a component only has to be adapted to the layer immediately beneath it. For instance, a Java program has to be written to use the Java virtual machine (JVM) and associated libraries as a platform but does not have to be adapted to run on the Windows, Linux or Macintosh OS platforms. However, the JVM, the layer beneath the application, does have to be built separately for each OS.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_system_examples">Operating system examples</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List of operating systems</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desktop,_laptop,_server">Desktop, laptop, server</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></li>

<li><a href="NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>

<ul><li><a href="Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>

<ul><li><a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Darwin_(operating_system)#OpenDarwin" title="Darwin (operating system)">OpenDarwin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>

<ul><li><a href="OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>

<ul><li><a href="DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a>

<li><a href="Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>

<ul><li><a href="OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a>

<ul><li><a href="Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a>

<ul><li><a href="OpenIndiana" title="OpenIndiana">OpenIndiana</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Minix" title="Minix">MINIX</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>

<ul><li><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li>

<li><a href="ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="QubesOS" class="mw-redirect" title="QubesOS">QubesOS</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></li>

<li><a href="AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile">Mobile</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Newton_OS" title="Newton OS">Newton OS</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a></li>

<li><a href="BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li>

<li><a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>

<ul><li><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>

<li><a href="LineageOS" title="LineageOS">LineageOS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="WebOS" title="WebOS">webOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu Touch</a></li>

<li><a href="Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a>

<ul><li><a href="KaiOS" title="KaiOS">KaiOS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sailfish_OS" title="Sailfish OS">Sailfish OS</a></li>

<li><a href="LuneOS" title="LuneOS">LuneOS</a></li>

<li><a href="PostmarketOS" title="PostmarketOS">postmarketOS</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>

<ul><li><a href="Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">Windows 10 Mobile</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li>

<li><a href="HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_examples">Software examples</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Adobe_Shockwave" title="Adobe Shockwave">Shockwave</a></li>

<li><a href="Binary_Runtime_Environment_for_Wireless" title="Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless">Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless</a> (BREW)</li>

<li><a href="Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a></li>

<li><a href="Cocoa_Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa Touch">Cocoa Touch</a></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Silverlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a>

<li><a href="JavaFX" title="JavaFX">JavaFX</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaFX_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaFX Mobile">JavaFX Mobile</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="LiveCode" title="LiveCode">LiveCode</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_XNA" title="Microsoft XNA">Microsoft XNA</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozilla_Prism" title="Mozilla Prism">Mozilla Prism</a>, <a href="XUL" title="XUL">XUL</a> and <a href="XULRunner" title="XULRunner">XULRunner</a></li>

<li>Mozilla WebExtensions API is modeled after <a href="Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>'s API.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57plan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57plan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-legacy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Firefox extensions are now largely compatible with their Chrome counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Web_platform" title="Web platform">Web platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a></li>

<li><a href="SAP_NetWeaver" title="SAP NetWeaver">SAP NetWeaver</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartface" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartface">Smartface</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a>

<ul><li><a href="Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Cangjie</li>

<li><a href="ArkTS" title="ArkTS">ArkTS</a></li>

<li><a href="ArkUI" class="mw-redirect" title="ArkUI">ArkUI</a>

<ul><li><a href="ArkUI" class="mw-redirect" title="ArkUI">ArkUI-X</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Huawei Phoenix Engine

<ul><li>Phoenix Engine Ray Shop</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_examples">Hardware examples</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Lists_of_computers" title="Lists of computers">Lists of computers</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM architecture</a> based devices

<ul><li><a href="Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> or <a href="Gumstix" title="Gumstix">Gumstix</a> full function miniature computers</li>

<li>ARM servers with <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems such as <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> or <a href="Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> variants</li>

<li><a href="Chromebook" title="Chromebook">ChromeBooks</a> from various manufacturers</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> systems</li>

<li><a href="IBM_System_p" title="IBM System p">IBM System p</a> and <a href="IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">IBM Power Systems</a> computers</li>

<li>IBM <a href="Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a> mainframes</li>

<li><a href="CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> computers based on the <a href="S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a>, maybe the earliest <a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> platform</li>

<li><a href="Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game consoles</a>, any variety (<a href="PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a>, <a href="Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a>, <a href="Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>)

<ul><li><a href="3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="3DO Interactive Multiplayer">3DO Interactive Multiplayer</a>, that was licensed to manufacturers</li>

<li><a href="Apple_Pippin" title="Apple Pippin">Apple Pippin</a>, a multimedia player platform for video game console development</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Supercomputer</a> architectures</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform software</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">Hardware virtualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_platform" title="Third platform">Third platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Platform_ecosystem" title="Platform ecosystem">Platform ecosystem</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://martinfowler.com/articles/talk-about-platforms.html">"What I Talk About When I Talk About Platforms"</a>. <i>martinfowler.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.twitter.com/">"Twitter Development Platform - Twitter Developers"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/2207512130">"Facebook Development Platform Launches..."</a> <i><a href="Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i>. August 15, 2006.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17101796/platform-independence-in-javas-byte-code">"Platform independence in Java's Byte Code"</a>. <i>Stack Overflow</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.mozilla.org/addons/2015/08/21/the-future-of-developing-firefox-add-ons/">"The Future of Developing Firefox Add-ons"</a>. <i>Mozilla Add-ons Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57plan-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57plan_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.mozilla.org/addons/2017/08/10/upcoming-changes-compatibility/">"Upcoming Changes in Compatibility Features"</a>. <i>Mozilla Add-ons Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-legacy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legacy_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghacks.net/2017/08/12/how-to-enable-legacy-extensions-in-firefox-57/">"How to enable legacy extensions in Firefox 57 - gHacks Tech News"</a>. <i>www.ghacks.net</i>. 12 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Add-ons/WebExtensions/Porting_a_Google_Chrome_extension">"Porting a Google Chrome extension"</a>. Mozilla<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the property:

<ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P400" class="extiw external" title="d:Property talk:P400">platform (P400)</a></i></b> (see <span class=""><a class="external text external" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP400%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P400%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Computing_platforms" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Computing platforms">Computing platforms</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ryansarver.wordpress.com/2013/09/26/what-is-a-platform/">Ryan Sarver: What is a platform?</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Computer_science1050" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li>

<li><a href="Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">Very-large-scale integration</a></li>

<li><a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li>

<li><a href="Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption</a> (green computing)</li>

<li><a href="Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li>

<li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber-physical_system" title="Cyber-physical system">Cyber-physical system</a></li>

<li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Network protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li>

<li><a href="Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li>

<li><a href="Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">Control variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li>

<li><a href="Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li>

<li><a href="Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_process_control" title="Industrial process control">Process control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-centered_computing">Human–centered computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li>

<li><a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li>

<li><a href="E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li>

<li>Differentiable computing</li>

<li><a href="Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_computer_science" title="Outline of computer science">Outline</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> Glossaries</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Computing_platform&oldid=1299475694">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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